Nominals and their endings
| Nouns | Adjectives | Pronouns | Numerals | ||||
| Auto | Car | Iso | Big | Mina | I | Yksi | One |
| Katu | Street | Kallis | Expensive | He | They | Kymmenen | Ten |
| Nainen | Woman | Pitkä | Long | Tämä | This | Toinen | Second |
| Hinta | Price | Vanha | Old | Se | It | Seitsemäs | Seventh |
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals take the inflections.
Plural in nominative “-t” and in all other cases “-i”
| Singular | Plural | ||
| auto | Car | Auto/t | Cars |
| Auto/ssa | In the car | Auto/i/ssa | In the cars |
| Auto/sta | Form the car | Auto/i/sta | From the cars |
| Auto/on | Into the car | Auto/i/hin | Into the cars |
| Auto/lla | By the car | Auto/i/lla | By the cars |
| Pullo | Bottle | Pullo/t | The bottles |
| Pullo/sta | Out of the bottle | Pullo/i/sta | Out of the bottles |
| Pullo/lla | With the bottle | Pullo/i/lla | With the bottles |
| Pullo/a | Bottle (partitive) | Pullo/j/a | Some bottles |
Case system
| Case | Endings | Function | Example | Translation |
| Nominative | - (pl. –t) | Basic from | Auto | Car |
| Genitive | -n; -den, -tten | Possession | Auto/n | Of the car |
| Accusative | -n, -t, - | Object ending | Hänet | Him/her |
| Partative | -a ~ -ä | Indefinite | Maito/a | (some) milk |
| -ta ~ -tä | quantity | Vet/tä | (some) water | |
| -tta ~ -ttä | Perhe/ttä | (some) family | ||
| Inessive | -ssa ~ -ssä | inside | Auto/ssa | In the car |
| Elative | -sta ~ -stä | Out of | Auto/sta | Out of the car |
| Illative | -Vn | Into | Auto/on | Into the car |
| -hVn* | Maa/han | Into the country | ||
| -seen, -siin | Porvoo/seen | To Porvoo (place name) | ||
| Adessive | -lla ~ -llä | On; instrument | Pöydä/llä | On the table |
| Ablative | -lta ~ -ltä | off | Pöydä/ltä | Off the table |
| Allative | -lle | Onto | Pöydä/lle | Onto the table |
| Essive | -na ~ -nä | State | State | Opettaja/na |
| Translative | -ksi | Change of state | Opettaja/ksi | (become) a teacher |
| Comitative | -ine | accompanying | Vaimo/ine/ni | With my wife |
| Instructive | -n | (idiomatic) | Jala/n | On foot |
*the sign –V indicates a vowel that is the same as the nearest preceding vowel.
Possessive Suffixes
| Singular | ||
| 1st | (minun) kirja/ni | My book |
| 2nd | (sinun) kirja/si | Your book |
| 3rd | Hänen kirja/nsa | His/her book |
| Plural | ||
| 1st | (meidän) kirja/mme | Our book |
| 2nd | (teidän) kirja/nne | Your (pl) book |
| 3rd | Heidän kirja/nsa | Their book |
Enclitic Particles
These also occur with finite and non-finite verb froms. The most common particles are –kin ‘also’, -kaan ~ -kään ‘(not…) either’, -ko ~ -kö ‘interogative’, -han ~ -hän ‘emphasis’, and –pa ~ -pä ‘emphasis’
A Finnish Nominal can have edngins from all from the four groups, the order of the endings are fixed:
Number + Case + Possessive + Particle
Example:
Hylly + i + llä + mme – hyllyillämme = on our shelves
Finite Verb forms and the endings.
| Singular (present) | ||
| 1st | Puhu/n | I speak |
| 2nd | Puhu/t | You speak |
| 3rd | Puhu/u | He/she speaks |
| Plural (present) | ||
| 1st | Puhu/mme | We speak |
| 2nd | Puhu/tte | You speak |
| 3rd | Puhu/vat | They speak |
To form the past just add “-i-“ in between the stem and the ending
Ex: Puhu/i/n – I spoke
Indicative – none
Past – i
Conditional – isi
Potential – ne (and other variants)
Imperatives – will come to later
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Part 2 will come later.
Hope you enjoy
Нафаня
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