Consonants
Tt - /t/
Dd - /d/
Pp - /p/
Bb - /b/
Kk - /k/
Gg - /ɡ/
Nn - /n/
Mm - /m/
Ff - /f/
Vv - /v/
Ss - /s/
Zz - /z/
Cc - /ʃ/
Xx - /ʒ/
Rr - /r/
Ll - /l/
Jj - /j/
Short Vowels
Ii - /ɪ/
Uu - /ʌ/
Oo - /o/
Ee - /ɛ/
Aa - /ɑ/
Long vowels
ii - /i/
ee - /e/
aa - /æ/
oo - /o:/
uu - /u/
Diphthongs
jo - /jo:/
je - /jɛ/
ju - /ju/
ja - /jɑ/
oi - /oi/
ou - /ow/
Phonology
Devoicing of the final voiced consonant occurs (i.e. Street = priid /prit/)
when /s/ occurs at the beginning of a word the /t͡s/ happens (i.e. Church = Soib / t͡soip/)
/r/ sound becomes the /l/ sound after long vowels (i.e. Dancer = dounseer /downsel/)
When a consonant comes before the /j/ diphthongs the consonant palatalizes (i.e. Singer = pjeves /pjɛvɛs/
Voicing of two consonants occurs from right to left so if “vs” it is /fs/ and if it is “fz” it is /vz/
Nouns
No gender
inflected in by 4 cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative
All question markers, emphatic particles, possessive pronouns attach to the noun
Endings of nouns in the nominative:
short vowels- i, a, o
Long vowels- ii, aa, oo, uu
Diphthongs- ja, jo, je, ju
Consonants ≠ n, m, x
Noun declension
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
| -i | Remove –i and add -se | Add –n | Add –c |
| -a | Remove –a and add -su | Add –n | Add –c |
| -o | Remove –o and add -sa | Add –n | Add –ic |
| -ii | Remove final –i and add -see | Add –n | Add –c |
| -aa | Remove final –a and add -suu | Add –n | Add –c |
| -oo | Remove final –o and add -saa | Add –n | Add –c |
| -uu | Remove final –u and add -s | Add -n | Add –c |
| -ja | Add -s | Add –n | Same as nominative |
| -jo | Add -s | Add –n | Same as nominative |
| -je | Add –s | Add –n | Same as nominative |
| -ju | Add –s | Add –n | Same as nominative |
| consonant | Add -sii | Add -oun | Same as nominative |
Example declension table
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
| Isiilti (light) | Isiiltse | Isiiltin | Isiiltic |
| Cebula (onion) | Cebulsu | Cebulan | Cebulac |
| Drivo (tree) | Drivsa | Drivon | Drivoic |
| Nanii (woman) | Nanisee | Naniin | Naniic |
| Talaa (star) | Talasuu | Talaan | Talaac |
| Mustoo (house) | Mustosaa | Mustoon | Mustooc |
| Glasuu (voice) | Glasus | Glasuun | Glasuuc |
| Maatja (river) | Maatjas | Maatjan | Same as nominative |
| Lekjo (bed) | Lekjos | Lekjon | Same as nominative |
| Kotje (car) | Kotjes | Kotjen | Same as nominative |
| Meesju (man) | Meesjus | Meesjun | Same as nominative |
| Soib (church) | Soibsii | Soiboun | Same as nominative |
Plural
To make a noun plural you add –k when it is in the nom. Only when the other cases occur you add –ee
Example:
Trees – Drivok
of the trees – Drivsaee
The order of the particles and endings goes: Case + Number+ Possessive + Emphatic + Question
Pronouns
| | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
| I | Aaz | menii | mii | men |
| You (singular) | Duu | Den | Dig | Dem |
| He/She/It | Ast | asten | astiin | ast |
| We | Noi | ne | nii | nou |
| You (Plural) | Iiv | ven | vii | vou |
| They | Aak | kenii | kii | ken |
Possessives:
Mine – mo
yours (sing) – do
His/Hers/It’s – as
ours – no
yours (pl) – vo
theirs – ko
Example: Your car. = Kotjedo.
Your cars. = Kotjekdo
of your car = Kotjesdo
of your cars = Kotje/s/ee/do – Car – gen.- pl – your
Emphatic:
To emphasis that something actually exists (i.e. I really have a car or a car really exists…) use the –vir in nouns
In verbs when you say you “so” or “really” … need, want…etc. use -ta
Question particles:
To invert a statement into a question (i.e He is coming – Is he coming) you add the question particle –pa to the noun
Examples of all parts to ad to a noun:
The Churches – Soibk
to the his Church – Soibounas
to his churchs (emph) – Soibouneeasvir
to his churches? (Emph) – Soibouneeasvirpa
Verbs:
Infinitive: -x, -e
The conjugation of the present is only the reduplication of the initial consonant and if it is vowel initial lengthen the vowel and add L-
example:
Speak – Kalbex = I speak - Aaz Kakalbex
Go – Ite = I go – Aaz liite
You have to have the pronoun or the noun before the verb always!
Add the emphatic maker to the verb add it to the end.
Ex: I really speak = Aaz kakalbexta
Tense markers go after the infinitive marker but before the emphatic.
Present – NA
Past - uru
Future - bii
Conditional – poo
Ex:
To speak - kalbex
I speak – Aaz kakalbex
I spoke – Aaz kakalbexuru
I will speak – Aaz kakalbexbii
I would speak – Aaz kakalbexpoo
Sentence Examples:
The woman speaks to the man.
Nanii kakalbex meesjun.
The light will speak to the trees.
Isiilti kakalbexbii drivonee.
Do my cars (emph) really speak to his stars?
Kotjekmovirpa kakalbexta talaaneeas?
Imperative:
To form a formal imperative when you are talking to someone of respect or a large group you go to the present tense form but remove the infinitive stem (if it is the –x infective remove the vowel proceeding also)
Ex: (you (all)) Speak! – Kakalb
you all go! – Liit
For informal imperatives and singular just do the present form and add –m to the end
Ex: Speak! – Kakalbexm
Go! – Liitem
Prepositions:
Prepositions that take the Accusative;
in - a
at - na
on - v
into - ind
onto – op
Take Dative:
to - et
along - nasa
according to - mukaan
despite - malgre
toward - cara
with - mid
for - giia
Take Genitive:
without - nelk
except - nema
against - aga
instead of - invecee
by - piiee
near - artii
out from - izlez
away from – uuna
of - s
Prepositional phrases must at all times be together. “of” and “to” do not have to be written if wanting to indicate so. “light of man” can be written two ways
1. Isiilti meesjus
2. Isiilti s meesjus
